EVOLUTION AND STABILITY OF ICE-FALLS
A. Bianchi, A. G. Riccardi, L. Pinto and V. Salvi D.I.I.A.R. Politecnico
di Milano
The hint for this study came from the Technical
Committee of Unione Internazionale delle Associazioni Guide Alpine,
which was interested in evaluating on a more scientific basis the
stability of ice-falls, which year after year draw a growing number
of climbers, with resulting increased risk for their safety. After
considering the objective operating difficulties in examining the
Cascatone di San Giuseppe, or Cascata degli Specchi ice-fall in
Valmalenco (Sondrio), researchers set up special techniques and
procedures for measuring and surveying the quantities considered,
the evolution in time of ice volumes, its density and flows. The
study starts from an analysis of ice-falls and their classification
on the basis of hydrological and static criteria. The ice mass growth
and decrease mainly depend upon the temperature and flows, while
stability is mainly conditioned by loads, the reacting sections
and the ice shear force, which in turn depend upon a number of factors,
including density, melt-freeze processes and the presence of dissolved
and undissolved inclusions. A set of measurements was thus carried
out to determine the average density of the ice-fall observed. An
exhaustive series of topographic and photographic surveys also allowed
technicians to precisely calculate the ice mass evolution in time,
and mainly distinguish from continuous volume decrease cycles due
to melting from sudden decreases due to collapse. Last but not least,
researchers found a possible correlation between the average temperatures
of observation intervals (and also the flow) and the ice-fall volumetric
processes: growth, decrease and collapse. |