RECENT VARIATIONS IN THE SNOW COVER ON THE SOUTHERN SIDE OF ALPS
Snow and its albedo play a major role in the radiation balance of the planet. In the last 40 years, in the Northern Hemisphere, the snow cover surface has generally undergone a reduction (Dye, 2002; IPCC, 2007; Scherrer et al., 2004) with ensuing direct and indirect effects on climate and atmospheric circulation (Lo and Clark, 2001; Saito and Cohen, 2003).
However, there are still too few figures available on the annual or seasonal snow cover trend and they are limited to some nations. In Europe some studies were carried out beyond the Alps and some of them underlined reduced duration of snow on the ground, increased height of the safe snow limit for skiing and a reduction of water resources from the snow cover melting in spring.
Based on the data available on the southern side of the Alps, taking into account 2 sample areas, it was possible to draw up a preliminary balance of the recent snow cover trend.
Considering the 1961-90 average, duration of snow on the ground has averagely diminished by 14 days, with higher incidence at altitudes lower than 1,600 m with respect to higher altitudes.
Regarding seasonal snow accumulation, it has been decreasing at all altitudes since 1990 on (Valt et al., 2006), save for the alternation of seasons with little snow and seasons with more snow in the last 5 years.
Decreases in snowfalls, the maximum depths of snow on the ground and duration of snow on the ground are also confirmed by a slight decrease of winter precipitations and the probable variation of regimen between liquid and solid precipitations. In fact, based on the limited data available and which require subsequent confirmation, liquid precipitations (rain) seem to be sharply growing to the detriment of solid precipitations (snow).
As for the limit of safe snow for skiing (100 days with more than 30 cm of snow on the ground), which in Italy corresponds to an altitude close to 1,500 m (Laternser and Schneebeli, 2003), it is evident how in the last decades this limit has risen and now is placed around 1,800 m, at least on the Eastern Alps.
The decrease of the amount of snow on the ground directly implies a reduction of the availability of water resources to be used for irrigation, distribution for civil use, and power production. The first summary calculations show that, compared with the 1971-80 decade, the availability of water resources has sharply reduced, almost by 50%. |